Module 7

Main Progression - The Second Law of Thermodynamics & Heat Engines, Chemical Thermodynamics and the Equilibrium State, The States of Matter, The Physical Properties of Organic Compounds, and Chemical Kinetics.

Review & Preview - This is the first module in which we find ourselves responsible for the outlines of all four disciplines: Physics, General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Biology.

Knowledge Mapping - An intense and challenging set of discussions designed to help you integrate a great deal of physics and chemistry.

Verbal Reasoning and Essay - Continuing the regimin of reading program, exercise, and writing assignment.

Main Progression

Videos

Assignments

Take five minutes to browse the 2nd Law & Heat Engines Images and read the Glossary to prime yourself mentally for this topic. Make sure you are familiar with basic vocabulary. Perform the Fundamental Terms Crossword Puzzle. When you are ready, click here for the Solution. Master the Concept and Question cards for Heat Engines and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics from the Learning System for Physics.

2nd Law concepts are treated by Examkrackers in the Chemistry volume. These assignments are included in the Chemical Thermodynamics portion of this module. Review the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics external resources for each of the subtopics within the Learning Center.

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Goals

	Be able to explain the entropy of a system as a concept of statistics and probability.
	Understand how the entropy of a system may change through processes such as heat flow, expansion, and mixture.
	Be prepared to express the Second Law of Thermodynamics in a variety of ways and conceptualize how the different ways of expressing the 2nd Law are related.
	Describe thermodynamic cycles and understand how to follow them on a pressure - volume (P - V) diagram.
	Know how to determine the work done in a thermodynamic cycle from a P - V diagram.
	Be able to narrate the Carnot cycle and understand the significance of the Carnot efficiency.
	Recall the formula for entropy change due to heat flows at constant temperature and be prepared to bring this understanding to the understanding of the Carnot cycle.
	Understand the determinations underlying the efficiency of a heat engine.
	Comprehend heat pumps and be prepared to compute coefficient of performance.

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Videos

Assignments

Browse the Chemical Thermodynamics & Equilibrium Images and read the Glossary to get a feel for the field of reference for the topic and the basic vocabulary. Reinforce preparation with the Fundamental Terms Crossword Puzzle. Click here for the Solution. Read pp 38-41 in Examkrackers Chemistry. Questions pp 42-43. Read pp. 59-62 in Chemistry. Problems p. 63. Read pp. 117-118.

Ensure mastery with the WikiPremed Chemical Thermodynamics Problem Set. Here is the Solution. Finish your Main Progression work on Ideal Gas & Kinetic Theory with a review tour of the Chemical Thermodynamics external resources in the Learning Center.

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Goals

	Understand the basis for enthalpy change in internal energy change and thermodynamic work under the First Law of Thermodynamics. Develop a facility for predicting the direction of heat flow in a chemical reactions.
	Work on your intuitive ability to compare the degree of order between reagents and products in chemical reactions so that you can better understand entropy change.
	Be able to predict the entropy change for phase transitions, changes in volume at constant temperature, changes in temperature at constant pressure, and changes in pressure at constant temperature.
	Comprehend the relationship of the entropy change of the system and the enthalpy change (heat flow) in determining the availability of energy to drive a reaction spontaneously. In other words, understand spontaneity. Understand the free energy change in a conceptual manner.
	Be able to describe microscopic heat flows in a chemical system at equilibrium.
	Appreciate the purpose of the convention of standard-state conditions. Be able to apply the standard free energy change to determine the free energy for various reaction quotients.
	Understand the difference between an equilibrium constant and other reaction quotients in terms of free energy.
	Understand the effects of changing concentrations, external pressure, and temperature on an equilibrium mixture through the qualitative application of Le Chatelier''s principle.

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Videos

Assignments

Browse the States of Matter Images and read the States of Matter Glossary to get a feel for the topic and its basic vocabulary. Here is the Fundamental Terms Crossword Puzzle for States of Matter and the Solution. Read pp 83-85 in Examkrackers Chemistry. Do the problems on pp 86-87.

Perform the WikiPremed States of Matter Practice Items Here is the Answer Key. Close the circle with a review tour of the States of Matter resources in the Learning Center.

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Goals

	Make sure you have achieved the learning goals for Ideal Gases including fully understanding the gas laws and the kinetic theory of gases.
	Be capable of problem solving using Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures.
	Understand the foundation in kinetic theory of Graham's Law of Effusion and be prepared to solve problems using these concepts.
	Be prepared to describe how real gas behavior deviates from ideal gas behavior. Be able to interpret the Van der Waals Equation.
	Grasp the intermolecular / thermodynamic basis of surface tension.
	Be able to explain capillary action.
	For crystalline solids, be ready to discuss the basic vocabulary of crystal lattice structure. Comprehend the technique of x-ray diffraction.
	Grasp the concept of vapor pressure in thermodynamic terms.
	Understand how to read phase diagrams. Be ready to discuss the triple point and the criticial point.

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Assignments

This is not a large formal topic. Perform the Crossword Puzzle to get oriented a bit. Here is the Solution. Study the Physical Properties sections of Examkrackers Organic Chemistry and perform the practice items (edit).

Read the discussion on physical properties at the Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry and the discussion of solubility at Indiana University Southeast.

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Goals

	Understand the relative strength of intermolecular force deriving from various functional groups.
	Know how to correctly rank various organic compounds in order of melting point or boiling point.
	Account for the effect of degree of saturation on boiling or melting point of compounds with long hydrocarbon chains.
	From its structural formula, be able to predict the solubility of an organic compound in water.

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Videos

Assignments

Browse the Chemical Kinetics Images and read the Chemical Kinetics Glossary to get a feel for the topic and its basic vocabulary. Peform the basic vocabulary Crossword Puzzle for waves to solidify your mastery of the basic conceptual vocabulary before proceeding. Here is the Solution. Read pp. 29-36 in Examkrackers Chemistry. Perform the questions on p 37.

Take a review tour of the Chemical Kinetics resources in the Learning Center. Ensure mastery with the WikiPremed Thermochemistry Problem Set. Here is the Solution.

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Goals

	Understand how the rate of a chemical reaction is measured.
	Comprehend how to describe the relationship between the rate of a reaction, the concentration of reagents, and the rate constant k in a rate equation.
	If presented with a rate equation, be prepared to determine the reaction order.
	If presented with a graph of the logarithm of concentration versus time for first order reactions (or reciprocal concentration versus time for second order reactions), be prepared for questions involving determination of the rate constant.
	Grasp the concept of half-life and be prepared to solve basic quantitative problems.
	Be able to apply the Arrhenius equation to interpret changes in rate constant with temperature.
	Be adept at inferring the reaction mechanism from experimental data generated by a kinetic study.
	Understand the behavior of catalysts in interacting with reagents to lower activation energy.
	If you asked, be able to describe the concepts underlying kinetic versus thermodynamic control of various competing reactions.

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Review & Preview

 

Knowledge Mapping

 

Verbal Reasoning

Assignments

Revisit the WikiPremed treatment of Verbal Reasoning on the MCAT. Perform Passages 1-10 in Examkrackers MCAT - 101 Passages in MCAT Verbal Reasoning.

Go through the test you completed. Label every question by type in the margin: Main Idea, Author's Tone, Thematic Extension, Specific Inference, or Facts & Information. Which types seem to be giving the most problems? In the ones you missed, how do your chosen answers differ from the correct answers?

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Goals

	Remember the five main types of Verbal Reasoning questions. Main Idea Author's Tone Thematic Extension Specific Inference Facts & Information
Verbal Reasoning Tip of the Week Watch out for wrong answers designed to entice you to answer what your own opinion is instead of the author's. The question prompt will not say, 'according to you'. It will say, 'according to the author'.

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Essay

MECHANICS AND WAVES		Course Modules
	Kinematics Newton's Laws Work, Energy, and Power Momentum and Impulse
* * *	Rotation Harmonic Motion Elastic Properties of Solids Fluid Mechanics Waves
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
	Gravitation Electricity
THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER
	Atomic Theory Periodic Properties The Chemical Bond Intermolecular Forces
	Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry Stereochemistry
THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS
	Temperature and Heat Flow The Ideal Gas and Kinetic Theory The First Law of Thermodynamics Stoichiometry Thermochemistry
	The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines Chemical Thermodynamics and the Equilibrium State The States of Matter The Physical Properties of Organic Compounds Chemical Kinetics
SOLUTIONS AND AQUEOUS SYSTEMS
	Water Solutions Acids and Bases Organic Acids and Bases
ORGANIC REACTION CHEMISTRY
	Nucleophiles and Electrophiles Intramolecular Cationic Rearrangements Reactions with Radical Intermediates Conjugated π Systems and Aromaticity Reactions of Alkanes Reactions of Alkenes Reactions of Alkynes Reactions of Alkyl Halides Reactions of Allylic and Benzylic Conjugation Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Reactions of Alcohols and Ethers Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Reactions of Amines Reactions of Organic Phosphorus Compounds Reactions of Organic Sulfur Compounds
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BIOMOLECULES
	Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids
THE CELL
	Biological Membranes The Prokaryotic Cell The Eukaryotic Cell
BIOENERGETICS AND BIOSYNTHESIS
	Coordination Chemistry Oxidation/Reduction Oxidation/Reduction in Organic Chemistry Electrochemistry Bioenergetics and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis  optional for MCAT Integration of Metabolism
GENETICS & REPRODUCTION
	Gene Expression Cellular Reproduction Mendelian Genetics Recombination and Mutation The Molecular Biology Laboratory Human Genetics
DIVERSITY OF LIFE
	Viruses Monera Protista  taxonomy optional for MCAT Fungi Plants  optional for MCAT Animals  taxonomy optional for MCAT Animal Development and Embryology
	Mammalian Tissues and Histology
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
	The Nervous System Sensory Systems The Endocrine System The Musculoskeletal System The Cardiovascular System Blood The Respiratory System The Lymphatic System and Immunity The Urinary System The Digestive System and Nutrition The Reproductive System
POPULATION BIOLOGY
	Evolution Ecology
ELECTROMAGNETISM, LIGHT, AND MODERN PHYSICS
	Electricity DC Current Magnetism Electomagnetic Induction AC Current
	The Properties of Light Geometric Optics Wave Optics
	Modern Physics  relativity optional for MCAT Molecular Spectroscopy
	Molecular Spectroscopy Nuclear Physics
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